and those who do not are subject to fines of $100.

This weekend is the halfway point for the 30th annual U.N.

Climate summit known as cop30.

Delegates from nearly 200 countries are meeting in belem, Brazil, on the edge of the Amazon rainforest, the world's largest.

In a report issued just days before the meeting began, the u.n.

's world meteorological organization said 2025 is on track to be among the three warmest years on record.

It said the planet's average temperature in the first eight months of the year was nearing the limit for warming set 10 years ago in the landmark Paris climate accords.

New York Times international climate reporter somini sangupta has just returned from cop30.

Somini, one former U.N.

Climate chief was quoted as saying that asking what agreement is going to come out of this meeting is the wrong question.

So what is the goal?

What are they trying to do at this time?

Somini: I think primarily they're trying to keep the idea of international climate cooperation alive, but also the delegates who are meeting in belem have a couple of things that they want to get done.

They want to see to what extent are countries keeping the commitments that they've made.

And they want to address one of the main demands from the global south, from developing countries, which is financial, assistance in transitioning their economies to renewables and financial assistance to adapt to the damages of climate change.

So money is one of the big goals here.

Let's see how that goes.

John: You talk about international cooperation.

There is no senior U.S.

Official down there.

You've got a president who is once again withdrawing from the Paris accords, who talks about fossil fuels and says that climate change is a con job.

What effect is that having on on what's going on down there?

Somini: I think it is significant that the united States has not sent senior officials to participate in the actual negotiations.

But what is far more significant is what the United States is actually doing in the world, not only has the trump administration for the second time pulled out of the Paris accords, what you're seeing in the second trump administration is really a doubling down on fossil fuel expansion.

As you've noticed, the trump administration has used oil and gas exports from the U.S.

As a diplomatic and trade cudgel.

John: There is a U.S.

Delegation there, part is governor Gavin Newsom of California.

What role are they playing?

Somini: Gavin Newsom came to cop on the second day of the negotiations.

He of course is not part of the official negotiations, but he was there to have bilaterals with a number of other states and other countries.

I think he was trying to send a message that he can be the reliable partner.

For the world, especially with California being such a large economy, but to be honest, over the last couple decades, the U.S.

Hasn't been a reliable partner on climate diplomacy.

It has gone back and forth long before the trump administration.

So to some extent, the fact that the U.S.

As a national government is not participating could simply just let the other countries get on with business.

John: One group that is participating, or at least is there in large numbers, are indigenous people.

What role are they playing?

Somini: Yeah, it's very, very notable.

The large robust presence of indigenous people, not only from Brazil, but from all over Latin America.

They're there to make the case that you cannot talk about the protection of nature, the protection of forests without having them at the table.

Technically, they are of course not at the table.

It's nation states.

Negotiating with each other.

But they have been on panel discussions, they have given, lots of talks.

They have been in protests both inside and outside.

It is extremely meaningful to the indigenous people I spoke to for them to really have a strong and robust presence and try to shape the conversation.

John: It appears that the limits for warming that was set in Paris is going to be exceeded.

What's the significance of that?

Somini: When the Paris agreement was signed 10 years ago the arc of average global temperature rise was something like close to 4°c by the end of this decade.

That arc of warming has curved downwards.

We are somewhere around 2.7°c.

In other words, between now, between the start of the industrial era and the end of this century, the global average temperature is projected to go up by around 2.7°c.

That's not great.

That raises all the more the absolute imperative to reduce emissions as quickly as possible.

John: Somini sangupta of the new York Times, thank you very much.

Somini: Thank you for having me.